[Untitled]
PREVALENCE OF DIARRHOEA AND VOMITING AMONG CHILDREN BETWEEN THE AGE OFN 5-10 MONTHS IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This is to show the importance of been well hygiene or taken appropriate care over our infant and children about diarrhoea and vomiting that are still associated with each other factors in our society. Is well known that bacteria, viruses, poor hygiene practice, contaminated food or water is the agent of diarrhoea and vomiting (HOW 2004). Diarrhoea is one of the major causes of infant and young children mortality and morbidity in developing countries (WHO, 2000). About 4 million cases of diarrhoea are recorded every year with 2.2 million of the deaths mostly among children under the age of 5 in developing countries and it is a significant factor within the malnutrition complex (WHO/UNICEF, 2000). The effect and result from acute diarrhea diseases of ten depend on the nutritional status of the individual of the diet adopted during the attack of the illness (WHO, 2004)
In African society, the beginning of weaning period is often associated with an increase in diarrhea and vomiting episodic. In this communities, personal hygiene and sanitary condition is very poor (kungu et al, 2002). Research have shown that indigenous weaning food have significantly been associated with diarrhoea,post cooking contamination and the use of contaminated water in the preparation of infants food (motarjemmi et al,1993). Diarrhoea has been found to worsen the nutritional status of the individual due to vomiting, restricted diet and reduce food intake (WHO, 2004). Worldwide interest in the proper management of diarrhoea disease in infants has led to the provision the WHO/UNICEF glucose based oral rehydration solution. This has help to reduce the number of death in 1970’s from 5 million children worldwide each year to just over I million by the beginning of the 21st century (WHO, 2004). However, this solution is only available in hospital and health centre which are sparsely located in most rural areas of the developing countries.
The objective of this research is to assess the factor that may have been responsible for the change of diarrhoea and vomiting.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In this study, diarrhoea and vomiting in infant and children are very large due to their poor hygienic practice, sanitary and contaminated water and food diseases in the community.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this research is to assess or evaluate the factors that may have responsible for the changes of diarrhoea and vomiting g in infant and children in our community.
1.3 RESEACH QUESTIONS
This is to know the rate of hygiene and sanitary in the rural and urban communities about the protective of infant and children life pattern. Example of the question is as follows:
Do you wash your hand before and after feeding your child?
Do you clean your child after passing stool or faeces? e.t.c
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This is to kwon the prevalence of hygiene and sanitation over our children in order to protect their healthy weight in the community and their life durability for the betterment of tomorrow in our society.
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
The prevalence of diarrhoea and vomiting among children that are often suffering from diarrhoea which is also combine with other factors like viruses, bacterial, contaminated water and foods. The alternative sugar salt oral rehydration therapy (ORT) has considerably reduced d the morbidity and mortality in diarrhoea diseases (Onyechi, U.A. et al, 2008). Environmental factors that influence this diarrhoea and vomiting in sanitation and hygiene practice from the family by improving more enhancements to the effort.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample population/ study area
This study was conducted in Igbo-Etiti local government area, Enugu state. A total of 120 mothers with children 5- 10 months of age were randomly select for the study. Five villages were also randomly selected from the ten autonomous communities.
3.1 DATA COLLECTION METHOD/ SAMPLE SELECTION
A validated structured questionnaire and interview was used. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed and completed forms were collected. The information elicited were background information, economic and demographic information, hygiene practice and sanitary conditions, diarrhoea and vomiting prevalence. This study lasted from a period of two weeks.
3.2 DATA ANALYSIS
Statistical package of social science (SPSS) was used for the data analysis. The frequency distribution and the percentages of the variables were calculated.
3.3 DATA PROCESSING
The data was well process with the help of Onyechi study find out, the results of the structured questionnaire was required to complete the processes of the study. Also the statistical analysis, and percentages to show the mean value of the children which had been suffering vomiting and diarrhoea using Onyechi finding and (WHO, 2000).
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS/ FINDING
This show that 45.5% of the family that were within poor socio-economic status had more effective on the diseases compared to those that had episode of diarrhoea and vomiting in 28.6%, 22.2% from medium and high social economic.
The table below also analyzed the statistical results that also help to explain better findings.
Table 1
It show s that 70.8% has some form of toilet facilities, 37.5% has water closet,29.2% has no form of toilet facilities, 33.3% of the family has no source of water and they depended on rain water and stream as their only source of water. This is shown below:
Table 2: it shows that hygiene practices 30% of the mother wash their hand with water and soap after using the toilet, 26.7% remove their children stool from the ground by covering with sand/leaves/ash.
Table 2: Environmental sanitation and hygiene practice of the family that participated in the study (n=120)
Table 3: shows that the lower the socio-economic level of the families the higher the prevalence of diarrhoea and vomiting and verse-visa in relation to socio-econmic status and education. 50% of the children had mother without any formal education, 13.0% and 37.0% of them had diarrhoea and vomiting respectively.
Table 3: personal data to show the socio-classes of the children that has vomiting and diarrhoea.
Table 4:shows that the lower the socio-economic level, the more the frequent vomiting. 31.1% vomiting and 41.0% of diarrhoea compared to the medium and high socio-economic families who had 28.1% and 28.6% of vomiting and diarrhoea respectively.
Table 4: frequency distribution showing the prevalence of diarrhoea and vomiting in relationship to socio-economic status in percentages
Socio-economic status freq. dist. of vomiting (%) freq. dist. of diarrhoea (%)
Low socio-economic status 31.1 41.0
Medium socio-economic status 28.1 28.6
High socio-economic status 25.9 22.2
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
The analysis of these research shows that, there are many factors that are led to the prevalence of diarrhoea and vomiting in children 5-10 months of age in Igbo-Etiti local Govt Area, Enugu state. That factor includes;
Availabilities of toilet facilities
Source of water supply
Environmental cleanliness
Feeding pattern and hygiene practices
Socio- economic status and maternal education.
Household socio-economic variable and education of the mother bears significant impart on the prevalence of diarrhoea and vomiting among children between the ages of 5-10 months in Igbo-Etiti Local Govt. Area, Enugu State. Children living in a poor household have higher prevalence rates of diarrhoea and vomiting than those in high socio-economic background. This case is due to poor hygiene practice and poor sanitary control. The relationship between childhood diarrhoea and household socio-economic characters associated with vomiting has been demonstrated in the literature review (Kung et al, 2002, Daniel et al, 1990). Lower level of maternal education has also been associated with high prevalence of diarrhoea and vomiting. Studies have analyzed the lower prevalence rate of childhood diarrhoea and vomiting in mothers with formal education than the non-formal educated mothers (Zeller and Sharma, 1998). These authors indicated the importance of empowering woman education which will help them to take care of their children.
Education enhances the opportunity for a better wage employment and income. It increase assess to household amenities and facilities including those related to better hygiene and environmental health (Ehiri et al, 2001).
The unavailability of safe drinking water significantly affects the prevalence of diarrhoea and vomiting in the five villages studied. Low prevalence rate is associated with private water pipe but the rate of diarrhoea and vomiting increases with the use of stream/rain/ spring water sources and lack of access to safe water sources and lack of access to safe water. (WHO Report, 2000) revealed that over a third of the population in developing countries do not have access to safe water. Water from many of the tube wells which have been dug contaminated with fluoride, arsenic or salt (WHO, 2000). Access to safe water, reduce the burden of diarrhoea and vomiting which also causes a lack of appetite, substantial losses of micro nutrient and may be contributing factors to chronic energy deficiency (WHO 2000). Lack of sanitary condition is another that had led to the high prevalence diarrhoea and vomiting. For about 60% of population in developing country does not have assessed to safe water (WHO, 2000).
This survey has show that increased water availability and quantity are associated with improved hygiene practices, proper cleaning of utensils, food and home environment that will reduce faecal contamination and low prevalence of diarrhoea and vomiting (Esrey et al,, 1991). Children whose mother fails to wash their hand with soap after going to the toilet are at high risk of having diarrhoea (Han et al 1986). Above all, the availability of water makes things easier to escape from all prevalence of diarrhoea and vomiting in our society and also make hand washing easier (Favin et al 1999).
5.2 CONCLUSION
Larger prevention strategies are needed to lower the prevalence of diarrhoea in children. The strategies are as follows, promotion of good hygiene practice, improved sanitation, availability of safe water, and improved socio-economic status and education level of maternal. The well understood of this risky factors is when it is well treated, which will enhance in reduction of prevalence of diarrhhoea and vomiting among children n our society both rural and urban communities. It will also enhance guidance for policy makers in formulating strategies to improve child health in Igbo Etiti local Govt Area and in our country Nigeria.
5.3 RECOMMEDATION
In this area of study, it had been focus on the poor sanitation of maternal, poor hygiene practices, poor water availabilities and poor educational level.
As a nutritionist, I will enact some problems on the head of our government in other to provide enough safety drinking water and lower the educational expenditure for it to reach the poor maternal, which will enable to know the prevalence of their children for sanitary and hygiene I will make sure to handle those one if Government does not compile by visiting them household to household and organizing meeting at village square or any collective centre teaching them the way to achieve good heath.
5.4 REFRENCES
Daniel, D.L., Couseens, S.N. and Makoae,L.N.(1990)
A case control study of the impart improve sanitation on diarrhoea morbidity in Lesotho WHO bulletin, 68; 455-63
Esrey,S.A.potash,J.B.Robert,L.and shiff,C.(1991)Effect of improved water supply and sanitation on cariasis,diarrhoea,dracunuculiasis,hookworm infection,schistosomiasis and trachoma.WHO Bulletin 69:609-621
Ehiri,J.E.Azubuike,M.C.,ubaonu,C.N.,anyanwu,E.C.,ibe K.M.and ogbonna,m.O(2001)critical control points of complementary food preparation and handling in eastern Nigeria WHO Bulletin,79:423-435.
Favin,M.Yacoob, M. and Benahame, D. (1999) Behaviour first: A minimum package of environmental health behaviours to improve child health. Environmental health project applied study no. 10 Washington DC USA.
Han A.M.Aye, T.A, and Hleing, T (1986) personal toilet after defecation and degree of hand contamination accordion to different methods used. Journal tropical medical hygiene 89:237-241.
Kungu, W.N. Musau P.M Ochieng, A.Wachira, E.G. Omol, R.T.A. Rikwar, J. (2002) diarrhoea prevalence and risk factor. Journal of national institute of public health 51:73-76.
Motarjemn, Y. Kafersterin,F.Moy, G. Queredo, F. (1993) contaminated weaning food :Major risky factor for dia rrhoea and associated malnutrition.
WHO Bulletin 71:79-92.WHO (2004) diarrhea what every family and community has a right to know about diarrhea facts for life. WHO document. Geneva.
WHO/UNICEF (2000) Gobal water supply. Sanitation assessement. Report
WHO/UNICEF Geneva.
WHO(1998) management of patient s with diarrhoea. A programme for control of diseases. WHO series98 No.2 Geneva.
Zeller, M. and Sharma.M.(1998) rural finance and poverty allevation.
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